Navigating the HIV Care Cascade: Addressing Challenges and Enhancing Outcomes

Authors

  • I Made Moh Yanuar Saifudin Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • Radian Ilmaskal
  • Rinaldi Daswito Health Polytechnic MoH Tanjungpinang, Indonesia
  • Besral Department of Biostatistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62404/jhse.v1i3.27

Abstract

Individuals living with HIV undergo a multifaceted and prolonged care process marked by clinical, social, and emotional complexities. Unfortunately, they often encounter stigma in various forms. This editorial paper delves into specific social and public health challenges, emphasizing the significance of healthcare providers actively involving patients in the intricacies of the HIV care cascade. By addressing these barriers, we aim to enhance patient engagement and ultimately improve the overall outcomes of HIV care.

References

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Bombard, Y., Baker, G. R., Orlando, E., Fancott, C., Bhatia, P., Casalino, S., Onate, K., Denis, J.-L., & Pomey, M.-P. (2018). Engaging patients to improve quality of care: a systematic review. Implementation Science, 13(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-018-0784-z

Browne, T. (2019). Social Work Roles and Healthcare Settings. In Handbook of Health Social Work (pp. 21–37). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119420743.ch2

Burnette, M. L., Lucas, E., Ilgen, M., Frayne, S. M., Mayo, J., & Weitlauf, J. C. (2008). Prevalence and Health Correlates of Prostitution Among Patients Entering Treatment for Substance Use Disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(3), 337. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.3.337

Carman, K. L., Dardess, P., Maurer, M., Sofaer, S., Adams, K., Bechtel, C., & Sweeney, J. (2013). Patient And Family Engagement: A Framework For Understanding The Elements And Developing Interventions And Policies. Health Affairs, 32(2), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1133

Cartwright, E. K., Spicer, L., Smith, S. A., Lee, D., Fast, R., Paganini, S., Lawson, B. O., Nega, M., Easley, K., Schmitz, J. E., Bosinger, S. E., Paiardini, M., Chahroudi, A., Vanderford, T. H., Estes, J. D., Lifson, J. D., Derdeyn, C. A., & Silvestri, G. (2016). CD8 + Lymphocytes Are Required for Maintaining Viral Suppression in SIV-Infected Macaques Treated with Short-Term Antiretroviral Therapy. Immunity, 45(3), 656–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.08.018

Chime, O. H., Arinze-Onyia, S. U., & Ossai, E. N. (2019). Examining the effect of peer-support on self-stigma among persons living with HIV/AIDS. Pan African Medical Journal, 34(1).

Chime, O. H., Ndibuagu, E. O., & Igweagu, C. P. (2018). Exploring HIV Self-Stigma In Enugu State Nigeria. Journal of Experimental Research, 6(4), 29–37.

Chun, T.-W., Shawn Justement, J., Murray, D., Kim, C. J., Blazkova, J., Hallahan, C. W., Benko, E., Costiniuk, C. T., Kandel, G., Ostrowski, M., Kaul, R., Moir, S., Casazza, J. P., Koup, R. A., Kovacs, C., & Fauci, A. S. (2013). Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV Reservoirs in Elite Controllers. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 208(9), 1443–1447. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit306

Coffin, J., & Swanstrom, R. (2013). HIV Pathogenesis: Dynamics and Genetics of Viral Populations and Infected Cells. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 3(1), a012526–a012526. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a012526

Cohen, M. S., Smith, M. K., Muessig, K. E., Hallett, T. B., Powers, K. A., & Kashuba, A. D. (2013). Antiretroviral treatment of HIV-1 prevents transmission of HIV-1: where do we go from here? The Lancet, 382(9903), 1515–1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61998-4

de Saxe Zerden, L., Lombardi, B. M., Fraser, M. W., Jones, A., & Rico, Y. G. (2018). Social work: Integral to interprofessional education and integrated practice. Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice, 10, 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjep.2017.12.011

Deeks, S. G., Lewin, S. R., & Havlir, D. V. (2013). The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease. The Lancet, 382(9903), 1525–1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61809-7

Dew, M. A., Becker, J. T., Sanchez, J., Caldararo, R., Lopez, O. L., Wess, J., Dorst, S. K., & Banks, G. (1997). Prevalence and predictors of depressive, anxiety and substance use disorders in HIV-infected and uninfected men: a longitudinal evaluation. Psychological Medicine, 27(2), 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796004552

Garcia, S. B., & Guzman, N. (2023). Acquired immune deficiency syndrome CD4+ count. StatPearls.

Ilmaskal, R., Rahma, G., & Gusdiansyah, E. (2020). Years of potential life lost in HIV/AIDS patients and its determinant factor. Research, Society and Development, 9(11), e88491110742–e88491110742. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.10742

Kessing, C. F., Nixon, C. C., Li, C., Tsai, P., Takata, H., Mousseau, G., Ho, P. T., Honeycutt, J. B., Fallahi, M., Trautmann, L., Garcia, J. V., & Valente, S. T. (2017). In Vivo Suppression of HIV Rebound by Didehydro-Cortistatin A, a “Block-and-Lock” Strategy for HIV-1 Treatment. Cell Reports, 21(3), 600–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.080

Kordy, K., Tobin, N. H., & Aldrovandi, G. M. (2019). HIV and SIV in Body Fluids: From Breast Milk to the Genitourinary Tract. Current Immunology Reviews, 15(1), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395514666180605085313

Lyimo, R. A., Stutterheim, S. E., Hospers, H. J., de Glee, T., van der Ven, A., & de Bruin, M. (2014). Stigma, Disclosure, Coping, and Medication Adherence Among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Northern Tanzania. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 28(2), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2013.0306

Ma, P. H. X., Chan, Z. C. Y., & Loke, A. Y. (2019). Self-Stigma Reduction Interventions for People Living with HIV/AIDS and Their Families: A Systematic Review. AIDS and Behavior, 23(3), 707–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2304-1

Menon, S. (2010). Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy and universal HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: Has WHO offered a milestone for HIV prevention? Journal of Public Health Policy, 31(4), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2010.29

Mishra, S., Dwivedi, S. P., Dwivedi, N., & Singh, R. B. (2009). Immune Response and Possible Causes of CD4+T-cell Depletion in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - 1 Infection. The Open Nutraceuticals Journal, 2(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.2174/1876396000902010046

Moir, S., Chun, T.-W., & Fauci, A. S. (2011). Pathogenic Mechanisms of HIV Disease. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, 6(1), 223–248. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130254

Parekh, B. S., Ou, C.-Y., Fonjungo, P. N., Kalou, M. B., Rottinghaus, E., Puren, A., Alexander, H., Hurlston Cox, M., & Nkengasong, J. N. (2018). Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00064-18

Patel, V. L., Cytryn, K. N., Shortliffe, E. H., & Safran, C. (2000). The Collaborative Health Care Team: The Role of Individual and Group Expertise. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 12(3), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328015TLM1203_2

Pence, B. W. (2009). The impact of mental health and traumatic life experiences on antiretroviral treatment outcomes for people living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 63(4), 636–640. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp006

Rasmussen, T. A., McMahon, J. H., Chang, J. J., Audsley, J., Rhodes, A., Tennakoon, S., Dantanarayana, A., Spelman, T., Schmidt, T., Kent, S. J., Morcilla, V., Palmer, S., Elliott, J. H., & Lewin, S. R. (2018). The effect of antiretroviral intensification with dolutegravir on residual virus replication in HIV-infected individuals: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. The Lancet HIV, 5(5), e221–e230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30040-7

Remien, R. H., Berkman, A., Myer, L., Bastos, F. I., Kagee, A., & El-Sadr, W. M. (2008). Integrating HIV care and HIV prevention: legal, policy and programmatic recommendations. AIDS, 22(Suppl 2), S57–S65. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000327437.13291.86

Remien, R. H., Stirratt, M. J., Nguyen, N., Robbins, R. N., Pala, A. N., & Mellins, C. A. (2019). Mental health and HIV/AIDS. AIDS, 33(9), 1411–1420. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002227

Sabri, B., Greene, M. C., Du, S., Solomon, S. S., Srikrishnan, A. K., Mehta, S. H., & Lucas, G. M. (2023). Exploring multilevel determinants of co-occurring violence, HIV, mental health and substance use problems. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 32(4), 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2021.1964119

Sandhu, A., & Samra, A. K. (2013). Opportunistic infections and disease implications in HIV/AIDS. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 2(5), 47–54.

Singh, S. K., & Singh, S. K. (2018). human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections, 61–81.

Soto, T. A., Bell, J., Pillen, M. B., & For The Hiv/aids Treatment Adherenc. (2004). Literature on integrated HIV care: a review. AIDS Care, 16(sup1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120412331315295

Stanhope, V., & Straussner, S. L. A. (2017). Social Work and Integrated Health Care: From Policy to Practice and Back. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=yMQ2DwAAQBAJ

Tegger, M. K., Crane, H. M., Tapia, K. A., Uldall, K. K., Holte, S. E., & Kitahata, M. M. (2008). The Effect of Mental Illness, Substance Use, and Treatment for Depression on the Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV-Infected Individuals. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 22(3), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2007.0092

Vajpayee, M., & Mohan, T. (2011). Current practices in laboratory monitoring of HIV infection. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 134(6), 801. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.92627

Vidya Vijayan, K. K., Karthigeyan, K. P., Tripathi, S. P., & Hanna, L. E. (2017). Pathophysiology of CD4+ T-Cell Depletion in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections. Frontiers in Immunology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00580

Vreeman, R. C., McCoy, B. M., & Lee, S. (2017). Mental health challenges among adolescents living with HIV. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 20(S3). https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.4.21497

Zelaya, C. E., Sivaram, S., Johnson, S. C., Srikrishnan, A. K., Suniti, S., & Celentano, D. D. (2012). Measurement of self, experienced, and perceived HIV/AIDS stigma using parallel scales in Chennai, India. AIDS Care, 24(7), 846–855. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2011.647674

Blank, M. B., Himelhoch, S., Walkup, J., & Eisenberg, M. M. (2013). Treatment Considerations for HIV-Infected Individuals with Severe Mental Illness. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 10(4), 371–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-013-0179-3

Bombard, Y., Baker, G. R., Orlando, E., Fancott, C., Bhatia, P., Casalino, S., Onate, K., Denis, J.-L., & Pomey, M.-P. (2018). Engaging patients to improve quality of care: a systematic review. Implementation Science, 13(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-018-0784-z

Browne, T. (2019). Social Work Roles and Healthcare Settings. In Handbook of Health Social Work (pp. 21–37). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119420743.ch2

Burnette, M. L., Lucas, E., Ilgen, M., Frayne, S. M., Mayo, J., & Weitlauf, J. C. (2008). Prevalence and Health Correlates of Prostitution Among Patients Entering Treatment for Substance Use Disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(3), 337. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.3.337

Carman, K. L., Dardess, P., Maurer, M., Sofaer, S., Adams, K., Bechtel, C., & Sweeney, J. (2013). Patient And Family Engagement: A Framework For Understanding The Elements And Developing Interventions And Policies. Health Affairs, 32(2), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1133

Cartwright, E. K., Spicer, L., Smith, S. A., Lee, D., Fast, R., Paganini, S., Lawson, B. O., Nega, M., Easley, K., Schmitz, J. E., Bosinger, S. E., Paiardini, M., Chahroudi, A., Vanderford, T. H., Estes, J. D., Lifson, J. D., Derdeyn, C. A., & Silvestri, G. (2016). CD8 + Lymphocytes Are Required for Maintaining Viral Suppression in SIV-Infected Macaques Treated with Short-Term Antiretroviral Therapy. Immunity, 45(3), 656–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.08.018

Chime, O. H., Arinze-Onyia, S. U., & Ossai, E. N. (2019). Examining the effect of peer-support on self-stigma among persons living with HIV/AIDS. Pan African Medical Journal, 34(1).

Chime, O. H., Ndibuagu, E. O., & Igweagu, C. P. (2018). Exploring HIV Self-Stigma In Enugu State Nigeria. Journal of Experimental Research, 6(4), 29–37.

Chun, T.-W., Shawn Justement, J., Murray, D., Kim, C. J., Blazkova, J., Hallahan, C. W., Benko, E., Costiniuk, C. T., Kandel, G., Ostrowski, M., Kaul, R., Moir, S., Casazza, J. P., Koup, R. A., Kovacs, C., & Fauci, A. S. (2013). Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV Reservoirs in Elite Controllers. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 208(9), 1443–1447. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit306

Coffin, J., & Swanstrom, R. (2013). HIV Pathogenesis: Dynamics and Genetics of Viral Populations and Infected Cells. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 3(1), a012526–a012526. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a012526

Cohen, M. S., Smith, M. K., Muessig, K. E., Hallett, T. B., Powers, K. A., & Kashuba, A. D. (2013). Antiretroviral treatment of HIV-1 prevents transmission of HIV-1: where do we go from here? The Lancet, 382(9903), 1515–1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61998-4

de Saxe Zerden, L., Lombardi, B. M., Fraser, M. W., Jones, A., & Rico, Y. G. (2018). Social work: Integral to interprofessional education and integrated practice. Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice, 10, 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjep.2017.12.011

Deeks, S. G., Lewin, S. R., & Havlir, D. V. (2013). The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease. The Lancet, 382(9903), 1525–1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61809-7

Dew, M. A., Becker, J. T., Sanchez, J., Caldararo, R., Lopez, O. L., Wess, J., Dorst, S. K., & Banks, G. (1997). Prevalence and predictors of depressive, anxiety and substance use disorders in HIV-infected and uninfected men: a longitudinal evaluation. Psychological Medicine, 27(2), 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796004552

Garcia, S. B., & Guzman, N. (2023). Acquired immune deficiency syndrome CD4+ count. StatPearls.

Kessing, C. F., Nixon, C. C., Li, C., Tsai, P., Takata, H., Mousseau, G., Ho, P. T., Honeycutt, J. B., Fallahi, M., Trautmann, L., Garcia, J. V., & Valente, S. T. (2017). In Vivo Suppression of HIV Rebound by Didehydro-Cortistatin A, a “Block-and-Lock” Strategy for HIV-1 Treatment. Cell Reports, 21(3), 600–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.080

Kordy, K., Tobin, N. H., & Aldrovandi, G. M. (2019). HIV and SIV in Body Fluids: From Breast Milk to the Genitourinary Tract. Current Immunology Reviews, 15(1), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395514666180605085313

Lyimo, R. A., Stutterheim, S. E., Hospers, H. J., de Glee, T., van der Ven, A., & de Bruin, M. (2014). Stigma, Disclosure, Coping, and Medication Adherence Among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Northern Tanzania. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 28(2), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2013.0306

Ma, P. H. X., Chan, Z. C. Y., & Loke, A. Y. (2019). Self-Stigma Reduction Interventions for People Living with HIV/AIDS and Their Families: A Systematic Review. AIDS and Behavior, 23(3), 707–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2304-1

Menon, S. (2010). Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy and universal HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: Has WHO offered a milestone for HIV prevention? Journal of Public Health Policy, 31(4), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2010.29

Mishra, S., Dwivedi, S. P., Dwivedi, N., & Singh, R. B. (2009). Immune Response and Possible Causes of CD4+T-cell Depletion in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - 1 Infection. The Open Nutraceuticals Journal, 2(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.2174/1876396000902010046

Moir, S., Chun, T.-W., & Fauci, A. S. (2011). Pathogenic Mechanisms of HIV Disease. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, 6(1), 223–248. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130254

Parekh, B. S., Ou, C.-Y., Fonjungo, P. N., Kalou, M. B., Rottinghaus, E., Puren, A., Alexander, H., Hurlston Cox, M., & Nkengasong, J. N. (2018). Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00064-18

Patel, V. L., Cytryn, K. N., Shortliffe, E. H., & Safran, C. (2000). The Collaborative Health Care Team: The Role of Individual and Group Expertise. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 12(3), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328015TLM1203_2

Pence, B. W. (2009). The impact of mental health and traumatic life experiences on antiretroviral treatment outcomes for people living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 63(4), 636–640. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp006

Rasmussen, T. A., McMahon, J. H., Chang, J. J., Audsley, J., Rhodes, A., Tennakoon, S., Dantanarayana, A., Spelman, T., Schmidt, T., Kent, S. J., Morcilla, V., Palmer, S., Elliott, J. H., & Lewin, S. R. (2018). The effect of antiretroviral intensification with dolutegravir on residual virus replication in HIV-infected individuals: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. The Lancet HIV, 5(5), e221–e230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30040-7

Remien, R. H., Berkman, A., Myer, L., Bastos, F. I., Kagee, A., & El-Sadr, W. M. (2008). Integrating HIV care and HIV prevention: legal, policy and programmatic recommendations. AIDS, 22(Suppl 2), S57–S65. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000327437.13291.86

Remien, R. H., Stirratt, M. J., Nguyen, N., Robbins, R. N., Pala, A. N., & Mellins, C. A. (2019). Mental health and HIV/AIDS. AIDS, 33(9), 1411–1420. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002227

Sabri, B., Greene, M. C., Du, S., Solomon, S. S., Srikrishnan, A. K., Mehta, S. H., & Lucas, G. M. (2023). Exploring multilevel determinants of co-occurring violence, HIV, mental health and substance use problems. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 32(4), 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2021.1964119

Sandhu, A., & Samra, A. K. (2013). Opportunistic infections and disease implications in HIV/AIDS. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 2(5), 47–54.

Singh, S. K., & Singh, S. K. (2018). human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections, 61–81.

Soto, T. A., Bell, J., Pillen, M. B., & For The Hiv/aids Treatment Adherenc. (2004). Literature on integrated HIV care: a review. AIDS Care, 16(sup1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120412331315295

Stanhope, V., & Straussner, S. L. A. (2017). Social Work and Integrated Health Care: From Policy to Practice and Back. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=yMQ2DwAAQBAJ

Tegger, M. K., Crane, H. M., Tapia, K. A., Uldall, K. K., Holte, S. E., & Kitahata, M. M. (2008). The Effect of Mental Illness, Substance Use, and Treatment for Depression on the Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV-Infected Individuals. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 22(3), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2007.0092

Vajpayee, M., & Mohan, T. (2011). Current practices in laboratory monitoring of HIV infection. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 134(6), 801. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.92627

Vidya Vijayan, K. K., Karthigeyan, K. P., Tripathi, S. P., & Hanna, L. E. (2017). Pathophysiology of CD4+ T-Cell Depletion in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections. Frontiers in Immunology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00580

Vreeman, R. C., McCoy, B. M., & Lee, S. (2017). Mental health challenges among adolescents living with HIV. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 20(S3). https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.4.21497

Zelaya, C. E., Sivaram, S., Johnson, S. C., Srikrishnan, A. K., Suniti, S., & Celentano, D. D. (2012). Measurement of self, experienced, and perceived HIV/AIDS stigma using parallel scales in Chennai, India. AIDS Care, 24(7), 846–855. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2011.647674

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2023-12-31 — Updated on 2024-02-09

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Saifudin, I. M. M. Y., Ilmaskal, R., Daswito, R., & Besral. (2024). Navigating the HIV Care Cascade: Addressing Challenges and Enhancing Outcomes . Journal of Health Sciences and Epidemiology, 1(3), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.62404/jhse.v1i3.27 (Original work published December 31, 2023)

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